{"id":26407,"date":"2025-12-10T13:20:09","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T11:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/?p=26407"},"modified":"2025-12-10T13:23:23","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T11:23:23","slug":"kp-apvienosanas-lietu-izpete-uzsak-izmantot-jaunas-ekonomiskas-metodes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/?p=26407","title":{"rendered":"KP apvieno\u0161an\u0101s lietu izp\u0113t\u0113 uzs\u0101k izmantot jaunas ekonomisk\u0101s metodes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Apvieno\u0161an\u0101s kontrole ir viens no noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kajiem konkurences politikas instrumentiem, kas nodro\u0161ina, lai tirg\u016b neveidotos p\u0101rlieku augsta koncentr\u0101cija, kas var negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113t konkurences procesu. Vienlaikus, pieaugot apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dar\u012bjumu skaitam<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;un to sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbai, palielin\u0101s ar\u012b nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba \u0101tri un prec\u012bzi no\u0161\u0137irt dar\u012bjumus, kuri nerada riskus konkurencei, no t\u0101diem, kuri prasa papildu izp\u0113ti. Lai efekt\u012bv\u0101k noteiktu potenci\u0101li problem\u0101tiskus apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dar\u012bjumus, konkurences iest\u0101d\u0113s arvien pla\u0161\u0101k tiek izmantoti moderni izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bki, piem\u0113ram, aug\u0161up v\u0113rst\u0101 cenu spiediena tests (<em>upward pricing pressure<\/em>) (turpm\u0101k&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;UPP) un bruto aug\u0161up v\u0113rst\u0101 cenu spiediena indekss (<em>gross upward pricing pressure index<\/em>) (turpm\u0101k&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;GUPPI). Ar\u012b Konkurences padome (turpm\u0101k&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;KP) ir stiprin\u0101jusi savu ekonomisko anal\u012bzi apvieno\u0161an\u0101s liet\u0101s, to izp\u0113t\u0113 ievie\u0161ot \u0161\u0101dus nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bkus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kvantitat\u012bvo nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bku galven\u0101 priek\u0161roc\u012bba ir sp\u0113ja jau s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 izp\u0113tes proces\u0101 noteikt, vai p\u0113c dar\u012bjuma nosl\u0113g\u0161anas konkr\u0113taj\u0101 tirg\u016b pieaugs cenas. Gad\u012bjumos, kad \u0161ie skr\u012bninga r\u012bki nor\u0101da uz iesp\u0113jamu problem\u0101tiku, tiek piem\u0113roti padzi\u013cin\u0101tas anal\u012bzes instrumenti.<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pirms horizont\u0101l\u0101s apvieno\u0161an\u0101s uz\u0146\u0113mumi sav\u0101 starp\u0101 konkur\u0113 \u2013 tie cen\u0161as piesaist\u012bt klientus, cita starp\u0101, ar zem\u0101k\u0101m cen\u0101m, un \u0161is spiediens pal\u012bdz uztur\u0113t konkurenci tirg\u016b. P\u0113c apvieno\u0161an\u0101s \u0161\u0101da konkurence izz\u016bd, jo, ja klients, kas iepriek\u0161 izdar\u012bja izv\u0113li starp apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbniekiem, p\u0101riet no viena uz\u0146\u0113muma uz otru, ie\u0146\u0113mumi tik un t\u0101 ir kop\u012bgi. Tas samazina motiv\u0101ciju turpin\u0101t cenu konkurenci un palielina risku, ka cenas pieaugs, tom\u0113r var rad\u012bt ar\u012b pret\u0113ju efektu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Piem\u0113ram, pie\u0146emsim, ka konkr\u0113t\u0101 \u0123eogr\u0101fiskaj\u0101 teritorij\u0101 darbojas \u010detri kafijas veikali \u2013 A, B, C un D. Veikals A pl\u0101noja paaugstin\u0101t kafijas cenu un, lai noskaidrotu, k\u0101 \u0161\u0101das izmai\u0146as var\u0113tu ietekm\u0113t pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju uzved\u012bbu, veica klientu aptauju. T\u0101s rezult\u0101ti nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka, ja veikal\u0101 A kafijas cena pieaugtu par 15 %, aptuveni 29 % klientu p\u0101rietu uz veikalu B, savuk\u0101rt 16 % izv\u0113l\u0113tos ieg\u0101d\u0101ties preci veikalos C vai D, ta\u010du p\u0101r\u0113jie klienti nemain\u012btu savus paradumus. Atbilsto\u0161i aptaujas rezult\u0101tiem, secin\u0101ms, ka veikali A un B ir tuvi konkurenti, jo starp tiem past\u0101v augsts klientu novirzes koeficients, kas nor\u0101da uz preces cie\u0161u aizvietojam\u012bbu. Veikalu A un B apvieno\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101 konkurence starp tiem izzustu, jo klienti, kas iepriek\u0161 izdar\u012bja izv\u0113li starp abiem uz\u0146\u0113mumiem, preci ieg\u0101d\u0101tos vien\u0101 uz\u0146\u0113mum\u0101. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka apvienotajam uz\u0146\u0113mumam var\u0113tu pieaugt motiv\u0101cija paaugstin\u0101t kafijas cenu par 15&nbsp;&nbsp;%, jo ie\u0146\u0113mumi tik un t\u0101 paliktu viena \u012bpa\u0161nieka r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101. Tom\u0113r apvieno\u0161an\u0101s var ar\u012b samazin\u0101t izmaksas, apvienojot iepirkumus vai pieg\u0101des \u0137\u0113des, uz\u0146\u0113mums var\u0113tu nodro\u0161in\u0101t efekt\u012bv\u0101ku darb\u012bbu un l\u012bdz ar to &nbsp;mazin\u0101t cenu pieauguma risku. Tie\u0161i \u0161\u0101du l\u012bdzsvaru starp konkurences v\u0101jin\u0101\u0161anos un iesp\u0113jamajiem efektivit\u0101tes ieguvumiem praks\u0113 pal\u012bdz nov\u0113rt\u0113t UPP un GUPPI testi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPP un GUPPI nov\u0113rt\u0113 apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbnieku motiv\u0101ciju paaugstin\u0101t cenas p\u0113c dar\u012bjuma \u012bsteno\u0161anas jeb prognoz\u0113t cenu k\u0101pumu p\u0113c apvieno\u0161an\u0101s. Lai gan testu rezult\u0101ti nenodro\u0161ina prec\u012bzu cenu izmai\u0146u apjoma nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, tie sniedz kvalitat\u012bvu prognozi par iesp\u0113jamaj\u0101m cenu virziena izmai\u0146\u0101m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPP tests l\u012bdzsvaro divus galvenos cenu efektus, kas rodas apvieno\u0161an\u0101s rezult\u0101t\u0101 &#8211;&nbsp;spiedienu paaugstin\u0101t cenas, jo&nbsp;v\u0101jin\u0101s&nbsp;konkurence starp apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbniekiem un spiedienu samazin\u0101t cenas, ko rada efektivit\u0101tes pieaugums. Savuk\u0101rt&nbsp;GUPPI nosaka apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbnieku stimulu paaugstin\u0101t cenas.<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eiropas Komisija UPP un GUPPI testus ir izmantojusi horizont\u0101l\u0101s apvieno\u0161an\u0101s liet\u0101s, kur tirgus dal\u012bbnieki darbojas telekomunik\u0101ciju, inform\u0101cijas tehnolo\u0123iju u.c. tirgos. Savuk\u0101rt vertik\u0101l\u0101s apvieno\u0161an\u0101s liet\u0101s EK ir analiz\u0113jusi uz\u0146\u0113mumu motiv\u0101ciju paaugstin\u0101t cenas, izmantojot vertik\u0101lo bruto aug\u0161up v\u0113rsto cenu spiediena indeksu (<em>vertical&nbsp;<\/em><em>gross upward pricing pressure index jeb vGUPPI)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPP un GUPPI r\u012bku izmanto\u0161ana ir v\u0113rt\u0113ta ar\u012b Eiropas Savien\u012bbas Visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 ties\u0101, kur secin\u0101ts, ka \u0161\u0101da ekonomisk\u0101 analiz\u0113 ir izmantojama k\u0101 s\u0101kotn\u0113jais instruments, lai identific\u0113tu potenci\u0101li problem\u0101tiskus dar\u012bjumus.<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;L\u012bdz ar to kvantitat\u012bv\u0101 anal\u012bze j\u0101izmanto k\u0101 da\u013ca no pla\u0161\u0101ka pier\u0101d\u012bjumu kopuma, lai konstat\u0113tu b\u016btiskus \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013cus efekt\u012bvai konkurencei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>KP pirmo reizi UPP un GUPPI testus apvieno\u0161an\u0101s l\u0113muma ekonomiskaj\u0101 anal\u012bz\u0113 piem\u0113roja, lai v\u0113rt\u0113tu degvielas tirgus dal\u012bbnieku motiv\u0101ciju paaugstin\u0101t benz\u012bna un d\u012bze\u013cdegvielas cenas p\u0113c dar\u012bjuma \u012bsteno\u0161anas.&nbsp;Kvantitat\u012bv\u0101s nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bku&nbsp;v\u0113rt\u012bbas apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tas, izmantojot:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) datus par apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbnieku p\u0101rdo\u0161anas apjomiem eiro un tonn\u0101s;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) publiski pieejamo inform\u0101ciju par degvielas cenu strukt\u016bras veidojo\u0161iem elementiem;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) KP r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 eso\u0161os p\u0113t\u012bjumus un tirgus dal\u012bbnieku sniegto inform\u0101ciju novirzes koeficienta noteik\u0161anai.<sup><a href=\"#fn1\" id=\"ref1\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPP un GUPPI anal\u012bzes r\u012bku ievie\u0161ana apvieno\u0161an\u0101s lietu izp\u0113t\u0113 noz\u012bm\u0113 ar\u012b izmai\u0146as inform\u0101cijas piepras\u012bjumu proces\u0101. Lai gan \u0161o testu veik\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ami papildu dati, piem\u0113ram, inform\u0101cija par ra\u017eo\u0161anas izmaks\u0101m, p\u0101rdo\u0161anas apjomiem un pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju uzved\u012bbu, t\u0101 liel\u0101koties ir apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbnieku r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101, nevis tre\u0161aj\u0101m pus\u0113m. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u0161o r\u012bku izmanto\u0161ana samazina nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu pla\u0161i aptauj\u0101t konkurentus, pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus vai klientus, vienlaikus palielinot pras\u012bbas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz dar\u012bjum\u0101 iesaist\u012bto uz\u0146\u0113mumu sniegto datu apjomu un precizit\u0101ti. Turkl\u0101t UPP un GUPPI testus iesp\u0113jams veikt ar\u012b pa\u0161iem uz\u0146\u0113mumiem jau pirms dar\u012bjuma \u012bsteno\u0161anas, lai savlaic\u012bgi nov\u0113rt\u0113tu riskus konkurencei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vienlaikus j\u0101nor\u0101da, ka KP dar\u012bjumu izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai papildus tiks izmantoti ar\u012b l\u012bdz\u0161in\u0113jie r\u012bki, piem\u0113ram, tirgus da\u013cu apr\u0113\u0137ini, tirgus koncentr\u0101cijas m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anas Herfind\u0101la-Hir\u0161mana indekss u.c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sagaid\u0101ms, ka KP arvien akt\u012bv\u0101k izmantos kvantitat\u012bv\u0101s nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bkus ar\u012b citu apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dar\u012bjumu izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai. UPP un GUPPI testi ir piem\u0113roti t\u0101du dar\u012bjumu izp\u0113t\u0113, kur konkurence ir ierobe\u017eota un uz\u0146\u0113mumu produktu aizvietojam\u012bba ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i augsta, piem\u0113ram, telekomunik\u0101ciju, inform\u0101cijas tehnolo\u0123iju, z\u0101\u013cu mazumtirdzniec\u012bbas jom\u0101s. T\u0101pat svar\u012bgi \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101, ka UPP un GUPPI r\u012bki, visticam\u0101k, netiks piem\u0113roti vis\u0101s izp\u0113t\u0113s. To lietder\u012bba ir ierobe\u017eot\u0101ka tirgos ar regul\u0113t\u0101m cen\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b gad\u012bjumos, kad apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbnieku produktu aizvietojam\u012bba ir zema vai viens no apvieno\u0161an\u0101s dal\u012bbniekiem ir neliels uz\u0146\u0113mums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[1]&nbsp;KP. Apvieno\u0161an\u0101s statistika. Pieejams:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kp.gov.lv\/lv\/apvienosanas-statistika\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.kp.gov.lv\/lv\/apvienosanas-statistika<\/a><a title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\" href=\"#ref1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[2]&nbsp;Competition Competence Report Spring, 2013, 1. lp. Pieejams:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ee-mc.com\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ccr\/CCR_Spring_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.ee-mc.com\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ccr\/CCR_Spring_2013.pdf<\/a><a title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\" href=\"#ref1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[3]&nbsp;OECD. Merger Control in Dynamic Markets, 2020, 22. lp.&nbsp; Pieejams:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2020\/03\/merger-control-in-dynamic-markets_a8bf4a0a\/d3752037-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2020\/03\/merger-control-in-dynamic-markets_a8bf4a0a\/d3752037-en.pdf<\/a><a title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\" href=\"#ref1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[4]&nbsp;Lear Competition Note. MERGER SCREEN AND THE USE OF PRICE PRESSURE TESTS, 2013, 3.&nbsp;lp.&nbsp;Pieejams:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.learlab.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lcn_merger_screen_price_pressure_test_1360694100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.learlab.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lcn_merger_screen_price_pressure_test_1360694100.pdf<\/a><a title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\" href=\"#ref1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[5]\u00a0Eiropas Savien\u012bbas Visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 tiesa. Lieta Nr. T-399\/16. 2020. 260.\u00a0\u2013\u00a0283.\u00a0punkts. Pieejams:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/LV\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:62016TJ0399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/LV\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:62016TJ0399<\/a><a title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\" href=\"#ref1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup id=\"fn1\">[6]&nbsp;KP 24.07.2025. l\u0113mums Nr.&nbsp;15 \u201cPar SIA \u201cCircle K Latvia\u201d un Sabiedr\u012bbas ar ierobe\u017eotu atbild\u012bbu \u201cASTARTE-NAFTA\u201d akt\u012bvu apvieno\u0161anos\u201d 88.&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;96. punkts.<a href=\"#ref1\" title=\"Jump back to footnote 1 in the text.\">\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apvieno\u0161an\u0101s kontrole ir viens no noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kajiem konkurences politikas instrumentiem, kas nodro\u0161ina, lai tirg\u016b neveidotos p\u0101rlieku augsta koncentr\u0101cija, kas var negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113t konkurences procesu. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1938,"featured_media":26406,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26407"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1938"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26407"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26410,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26407\/revisions\/26410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/26406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zurnalsiepirkumi.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}